ފަންވަތް:Ref harvard

[[#endnote_{{{1}}}{{{3}}}|({{{2}}})]]

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Ref-family templates

The

{{ref}} family of templates is used to place labeled references and notes and references into an article, with the labels normally being clickable links for navigating from a ref to a corresponding note and back from the note to the ref. The links and backlinks are identified internally by combining the specified parameters. The templates take a variable number of unnamed parameters identified by their position and, optionally, a named parameter named noid which, if used, should be set by specifying it as "noid=noid".

Very simple example

There are many ways to use

{{Ref}} and

{{Note}}. Among the simplest is:

Article	Wikitext
Text that requires a footnote.{{Ref\|1\|1}} ==Notes== :1.{{Note\|1}}Body of the footnote.	Text that requires a footnote.^[1] Notes 1.^ Body of the footnote.

Simple examples

{{ref}} and

Example:

Article text{{ref|reference_name_A|a}} more text{{ref|reference_name_B|b}} more text {{ref|reference_name_C|c|noid=noid}}.
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_B|b|noid=noid}}
*Bulleted text{{ref|reference_name_C|c}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note|reference_name_A|a}}Text for note a.
*{{note|reference_name_B|b}}Text for note b.
*{{note|reference_name_C|c}}Text for note c.

This would produce:

Article text^[a] more text^[b] more text ^[c].

Bulleted text^[b]
Bulleted text^[c].
intervening text
^a Text for note a.
^b Text for note b.
^c Text for note c.

Notice that the navigation back from the note to the ref does not work for refs which specify "noid=noid". In practice, if "noid=noid" is specified, it is usually specified for all refs having identical unnamed parameters.

More complex examples

{{ref label}},

{{ref harv}} and

{{ref harvard}}: these all pair with

{{note label}}.

These three complex ref family templates display differently but work the same. The template will normally have identical parameters with the ref template with which it is paired, and is normally created by copying the ref, pasting it into the note location, and changing its name to "note label"; this avoids having parameters mismatched because of a typo. Navigation forward uses parameters 1 and 3, navigation backward uses parameters 1 and 2. Parameter 3 is optional, and

{{note label}} has an optional fourth parameter.

Example:

Article text{{ref harvard|reference_name_A|a|1}} more text{{ref harvard|reference_name_G|g|}} more text {{ref harv|reference_name_B|b|2}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_C|c|3}} more text {{ref label|reference name_D|d|4}} more text {{ref label|reference name_E|e|none}} more text {{ref label|reference name_F|f|}} more text {{ref label|reference_name_H|h|8}}.
*
*intervening text
*
*{{note label|reference_name_A|a|1}}Text of note for ref a.
*{{note label|reference_name_B|b|2}}Text of note for ref b.
*{{note label|reference_name_C|c|3|ABCDE}}Text of note for ref c.
*{{note label|reference_name_D|d|4|FGHIJ}}Text of note for ref d.
*{{note label|reference_name_E|e|none}}Text of note for ref e.
*{{note label|reference_name_F|f}}Text of note for ref f.
*{{note label|reference_name_G|g|}}{{note label|reference_name_H|h|8}}Text of note for refs g and h.

This would produce:

Article text(a) more text(g) more text ^(b) more text ^[c] more text ^[d] more text ^[e] more text ^[f] more text ^[h].

intervening text
¹ Text of note for ref a.
² Text of note for ref b.
³ ABCDE Text of note for ref c.
⁴ FGHIJ Text of note for ref d.
^{^} Text of note for ref e.
^f Text of note for ref f.
^g ⁸ Text of note for refs g and h.

This shows the different styles for the ref links;

{{ref harvard}} produces a parenthesized link,

{{ref harv}} produces a superscripted parenthesized link, and

{{ref label}} produces a superscripted link with square brackets.

The note for ref e has a "^" character as its backlink, because parameter 3 was specified as "none".
The notes for refs f and g do not have a clickable backlink, because parameter 3 was not specified.

Table footnotes

One common application for

{{ref}} and

{{notes}} templates is in placing footnotes below tables, as in the following example taken from the Kent#Economy article:

To allow the preview, <ol type="A"> is used. to form the needed list.

Year	Regional GVA^[A]	Agriculture		Industry^[B]		Services^[C]
County of Kent (excluding Medway)
1995	12,369	379	3.1%	3,886	31.4%	8,104	65.5%
2000	15,259	259	1.7%	4,601	30.2%	10,399	68.1%
2003	18,126	287	1.6%	5,057	27.9%	12,783	70.5%
Medway
1995	1,823	21	3.1%	560	31.4%	1,243	68.2%
2000	2,348	8	1.7%	745	30.2%	1,595	67.9%
2003	2,671	10	1.6%	802	27.9%	1,859	69.6%

^{^} Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
^{^} includes energy and construction
^{^} includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

Alternative referencing style

Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do footnotes. Some people prefer to use Cite.php. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the Ref converter to replace ref/note tags with the newer Cite.php style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the Footnotes talk page. For details of that system, please see Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Combining Ref family templates with the alternative referencing style

An example combining the use of Ref-family templates with the alternative referencing style might be something like

Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000>Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.{{ref|Smith2000|Smith 2000}}
</ref>Yammer yammer yammer.<ref name=smith2000/>
...
==References==
<References/>
...
==Bibliography==
*{{note|Smith2000}}, Smith 2000, "A book about yammering".

which could produce something like:

Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]Yammer yammer yammer.^[1]

...

==References==

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Smith wrote the definitive book on yammering.^{[Smith 2000]}

...

==Bibliography==

^ , Smith 2000, "A book about yammering".

Also see examples and explanation in Wikipedia:Footnote3.

Third party tool

A third-party tool to translate articles using the templates described on this page into the Cite.php system is available, see Ref converter.